{"id":100,"date":"2020-05-23T00:36:01","date_gmt":"2020-05-23T00:36:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/?p=100"},"modified":"2025-06-02T20:12:01","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T20:12:01","slug":"porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/es\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 las gram\u00edneas forrajeras producen tantas \u2018semillas vanas\u2019?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"100\" class=\"elementor elementor-100\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-42ea83f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"42ea83f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4790d6a2\" data-id=\"4790d6a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642492ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"642492ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Lotes n\u00e3o beneficiados de sementes de grande n\u00famero de esp\u00e9cies de gram\u00edneas forrageiras, em especial as de clima tropical, cont\u00e9m alta propor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019. Esse \u00e9 o nome popular dado no Brasil a glumas vazias, isto \u00e9, desprovidas de cariopse. Lembrando:<a href=\"https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/es\/sementes-de-gramineas-forrageiras-tropicais-mais-do-que-veem-os-olhos\/\"> <b>cariopsis<\/b><\/a> \u00e9 o nome t\u00e9cnico do fruto seco t\u00edpico das gram\u00edneas, cujas paredes involucram e se fundem \u00e0s da semente propriamente dita. Para se ter uma ideia, \u00e9 comum a presen\u00e7a de mais de 70% de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019 em lotes de sementes brutas de v\u00e1rias esp\u00e9cies do g\u00eanero <em>Urochloa <\/em>(syn. <em>Brachiaria<\/em>). Esse nome popular, ainda que impr\u00f3prio (uma vez que tal estrutura n\u00e3o cont\u00e9m uma semente), talvez possa ser justificado pelo fato de a \u2018semente chocha\u2019 apresentar forma, cor e tamanho id\u00eanticos \u00e0 de uma \u2018semente pura\u2019, ou seja, de glumas que cont\u00e9m uma cariopse. Na an\u00e1lise de pureza f\u00edsica de amostras de lotes, as \u2018sementes chochas\u2019 s\u00e3o classificadas como impurezas. Para fins de comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o, sua presen\u00e7a nos lotes \u00e9 reduzida por meio de beneficiamento at\u00e9 que sejam alcan\u00e7ados os n\u00edveis de impurezas legalmente tolerados para cada esp\u00e9cie.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tamanha produ\u00e7\u00e3o de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019 tem m\u00faltiplas raz\u00f5es, das quais v\u00e1rias s\u00e3o natureza gen\u00e9tica. Por exemplo: nas flores (que nesse grupo de plantas s\u00e3o chamadas de \u2018fl\u00f3sculos\u2019) \u00f3vulos podem ser abortados ou tornarem-se est\u00e9reis por falhas ou defeitos cromoss\u00f4micos ocorridos na sua g\u00eanese. Pelas mesmas raz\u00f5es, os gr\u00e3os de p\u00f3len podem ser est\u00e9reis, diminuindo a fecunda\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00f3vulos, ou podem ser produzidos em quantidades muito pequenas, limitando a poliniza\u00e7\u00e3o. A viabilidade dos gr\u00e3os de p\u00f3len produzidos pode ser reduzida por condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais que aceleram sua desseca\u00e7\u00e3o, comprometendo a fertiliza\u00e7\u00e3o dos \u00f3vulos. \u00d3vulos podem ainda ser destru\u00eddos por doen\u00e7as e por pragas se n\u00e3o apresentarem mecanismos de resist\u00eancia geneticamente determinados para esses estresses bi\u00f3ticos.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Todos esses fatores contribuem para que seja baixa a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes puras e alta a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019 por plantas de muitas esp\u00e9cies de gram\u00edneas usadas como pastagens. Al\u00e9m disso o problema pode ser agravado por causas agron\u00f4micas e ambientais. Por exemplo:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>niveles insuficientes de ciertos micronutrientes (B, Ca) en la planta pueden provocar fallas en la germinaci\u00f3n del polen, perjudicando la fertilizaci\u00f3n de los \u00f3vulos;<\/li>\n<li>cosechas muy tempranas inevitablemente recolectar\u00e1n floretes que no tuvieron tiempo de comenzar o de completar la formaci\u00f3n de la semilla en su interior, mientras que cosechas tard\u00edas pueden encontrar una mayor proporci\u00f3n de glumas vanas conectadas a las inflorescencias como resultado de la desgranaci\u00f3n (o sea, desconecci\u00f3n de la inflorescencia y ca\u00edda natural) de semillas puras;<\/li>\n<li>la proporci\u00f3n de 'semillas vanas' en los lotes var\u00eda seg\u00fan el m\u00e9todo de cosecha utilizado. Por ejemplo, es m\u00e1s grande en lotes cosechados con una cosechadora autopropulsada y m\u00e1s peque\u00f1o cuando se cosecha por el m\u00e9todo de barrido (a ser futuramente descrito en esta p\u00e1gina web);<\/li>\n<li>enfermedades y plagas que atacan las hojas reducen el suministro de productos fotosint\u00e9ticos a los \u00f3vulos y, en consecuencia, tambi\u00e9n el n\u00famero (y el tama\u00f1o) de semillas formadas;<\/li>\n<li>fertilizaci\u00f3n nitrogenada excesiva o en momento inapropiado puede promover crecimiento vegetativo demasiado exuberante y volcamiento de las plantas;<\/li>\n<li>clima desfavorable en la fase reproductiva (lluvias y vientos excesivos, baja humedad relativa del aire, per\u00edodos prolongados de baja radiaci\u00f3n solar y baja disponibilidad de agua en el suelo, nieblas frecuentes, bajas temperaturas, etc.) afectan la antesis, la polinizaci\u00f3n, y la fertilizaci\u00f3n de ovarios.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Todos estos factores tienen un impacto en la proporci\u00f3n de 'semillas vanas' presente en los lotes cosechados.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>A baixa taxa de forma\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes puras geneticamente determinado nesse grupo de esp\u00e9cies n\u00e3o pode ser aumentado por meio de pr\u00e1ticas agron\u00f4micas. Por meio de melhoramento gen\u00e9tico isso talvez possa ser conseguido em determinadas esp\u00e9cies\/ cultivares. H\u00e1, entretanto, alternativas agron\u00f4micas para evitar que a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019 seja ainda maior. Por exemplo:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>con base en resultados de an\u00e1lisis de suelo y de hojas, suministrar a las plantas aquellos nutrientes cuyos niveles se muestran deficientes (especialmente algunos de los micronutrientes);<\/li>\n<li>preferir \u00e1reas con menor probabilidad ocurrencia de eventos clim\u00e1ticos desfavorables para instalar campos de producci\u00f3n de semillas;<\/li>\n<li>monitorear y controlar plagas y enfermedades, con especial atenci\u00f3n a la fase reproductiva de las plantas;<\/li>\n<li>aplicar fertilizante nitrogenado en cantidades apropiadas y en los momentos estrat\u00e9gicos para cada especie\/cultivar;<\/li>\n<li>programar con cuidado la ocasi\u00f3n ideal para la cosecha (que var\u00eda seg\u00fan el m\u00e9todo a utilizar), para evitar anticipaciones o demoras. Esta sugerencia es irrelevante cuando el m\u00e9todo elegido es del barrido.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Hay m\u00e1s sobre este tema en:<br><\/b>HUMPHREYS, L.R.; RIVEROS, F.&nbsp;<b>Tropical pasture seed production<\/b>. FAO Plant Production&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and Protection Paper, 8. FAO: Roma. 203p. 1986.<br>LOCH, D.S.; BUTLER, J.E. Effects of low night temperatures on seed set and seed quality <br>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;in [<em>Chloris gayana<\/em>. Seed Science and Technology, v.15, p.593-597, 1987.<br>QUARIN, C.L. Effect of pollen source and pollen ploidy on endosperm formation and seed&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; set in pseudogamous apomitic <em>Paspalum notatum<\/em>. Sexual Plant Reproduction, v.11,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;p.331-335, 1999.<br>RIOS, E.; BLOUNT, A.; HARMON, P.; MACKOWIAK, C.; KENWORTHY, K.; QUESENBERRY, K.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2015. Ergot resistant tetraploid bahiagrass and fungicide effects on seed yield and&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;quality. Plant Health Progress, v.16, n.2, p.56-62, 2015.<br>SOUZA, F.H.D. Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes para pastagens tropicais e subtropicais. In: Reis, R.A.;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bernardes, T.F.; Siqueira, G.R. (eds.)&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Forragicultura: ci\u00eancia, tecnologia e gest\u00e3o de&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;recursos forrageiros<\/b>. 1\u00aa ed., Jaboticabal: FUNEP. Cap\u00edtulo 24, p.367-380. 2013.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><b>Este texto puede citarse de la siguiente manera:&nbsp; <\/b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; SOUZA, F.H.D. Porque as gram\u00edneas forrageiras produzem &#8216;sementes chochas&#8217;? Dispon\u00edvel&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; em:https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sementes- chochas\/ Acessado em dia\/m\u00eas\/ano.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lotes n\u00e3o beneficiados de sementes de grande n\u00famero de esp\u00e9cies de gram\u00edneas forrageiras, em especial as de clima tropical, cont\u00e9m alta propor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019. Esse \u00e9 o nome popular dado no Brasil a glumas vazias, isto \u00e9, desprovidas de cariopse. Lembrando: cariopse \u00e9 o nome t\u00e9cnico do fruto seco t\u00edpico das gram\u00edneas, cujas paredes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":463,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":3,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[9,8],"class_list":["post-100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-comentario","tag-gramineas","tag-sementes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Porque as gram\u00edneas forrageiras produzem tantas \u2018sementes chochas\u2019? - Progreseed<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/es\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Porque as gram\u00edneas forrageiras produzem tantas \u2018sementes chochas\u2019? - Progreseed\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Lotes n\u00e3o beneficiados de sementes de grande n\u00famero de esp\u00e9cies de gram\u00edneas forrageiras, em especial as de clima tropical, cont\u00e9m alta propor\u00e7\u00e3o de \u2018sementes chochas\u2019. Esse \u00e9 o nome popular dado no Brasil a glumas vazias, isto \u00e9, desprovidas de cariopse. Lembrando: cariopse \u00e9 o nome t\u00e9cnico do fruto seco t\u00edpico das gram\u00edneas, cujas paredes [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/es\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Progreseed\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-05-23T00:36:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-06-02T20:12:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/progreseed.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Foto-close-up-sementes-2-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"480\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Francisco D\u00fcbbern de Souza\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Francisco D\u00fcbbern de Souza\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Francisco D\u00fcbbern de Souza\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3b57cafb4ac81b35c7b1bc3aaf3edc46\"},\"headline\":\"Porque as gram\u00edneas forrageiras produzem tantas \u2018sementes chochas\u2019?\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-05-23T00:36:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-02T20:12:01+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1127,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/Foto-close-up-sementes-2-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"gram\u00edneas\",\"sementes\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Coment\u00e1rio\"],\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/progreseed.com.br\\\/porque-as-gramineas-forrageiras-produzem-tantas-sementes-chochas\\\/\",\"name\":\"Porque as gram\u00edneas forrageiras produzem tantas \u2018sementes chochas\u2019? 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Esse \u00e9 o nome popular dado no Brasil a glumas vazias, isto \u00e9, desprovidas de cariopse. 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